Projectile meaning12/19/2023 ![]() To investigate the lateral bearing behavior of monopile in gravel materials and deeply understand the microscopic mechanisms, parametric three-dimensional discrete element analyses are performed to study the lateral interaction between the single pile and gravel. Gravel is a common geotechnical material in civil engineering. ![]() Good agreement between the numerical and experimental results is obtained without any correction factors. The computational results are compared with known experimental relations for resistance to spherical projectiles penetrating dry and water-saturated sand. The linearized rigid plastic solution can be used for analyzing resistance to a rigid sphere that penetrates into the granular media. The comparison of the analytical and numerical solutions shows that a linearized analytical solution is a good approximation of the pressure along the boundary of the cavity as a function of its expansion, except for low velocities. Besides, a generalized solution of the problem was obtained numerically, which involves transition of a continuous elastic–plastic wave into a plastic shock wave when pressure grows with the cavity expansion velocity. The problem in this formulation was solved analytically. The medium is assumed to be incompressible behind the shock wave front propagating through the unperturbed medium. Elastic–plastic deformation of the granular media is described in a barotropic approximation, using the high-pressure equation of state and Mohr–Coulomb Tresca’s limit yield criterion. We are solving this dynamic spherical cavity-expansion problem to model rigid spheres penetrating into a granular media. This information appears to be relevant for future research, providing some rationale to help assess in which aspects of the phenomenon the texture may be important.Ī one-dimensional problem of a spherical cavity expanding at a constant velocity from zero initial radius in an infinite granular medium, which has the first-kind self-similar solution, is considered. The texture of the sand most clearly influenced the diameters of the craters, its effect could also be seen in the case of the distance covered by the ejected material. Additionally, the results were used to calculate dimensionless parameters commonly considered in crater studies (π V, π 2 and α). The mass of the transferred material and the depth of the impactor penetration were also determined. The ejecta curtain was characterized by the inclination angle of walls, base diameter, and expansion velocity. The diameters, depths, wall slope, and rim heights of the resulting craters were measured. The experiments were conducted using an aluminium impactor at two impact speeds (~700 and ~1300 m∙s ⁻¹ ) and a sand bed composed of either a broad range of sizes (<2.0 mm) or any of the three fractions obtained from it (<0.5, 0.5–1, 1–2 mm). The aim of the study was to check whether the different textures of sand beds affect the size and dynamics of the formation of craters and ejection curtain after high-velocity impacts. The formation of craters is an important issue in the investigations of the surface of the earth and other planets.
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